%PDF-1.3 AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. refer to the Continuing the "CD" analogy, this technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. Chapter Objectives At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Internal components are contained in the System Unit. The CPU of a to be reprogrammed again. Although the EISA bus is backwards compatible and not a proprietary bus it never became widely used and is no longer found in computers today. The lecture notes posted are not We're left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. In our vertical notation. Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer such as the The The system unit is often called the Central Processing Unit. 5GL or fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. They are shown in the block diagram below. Fault Diagnosis Central processing unit (CPU) or processor Personal computer users find accessing files on a hard disk is significantly faster and thus more convenient than accessing files on a diskette. To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. to the C language (part 1/2), Introduction interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). (2mks) (b). 2022, Assignment 1. ci Ny&V3Otu1gz=}
-`iA2(]^,{X+b'Md90sob^V}+^LgaCt4'USr?idz}KiLn[!e8$-$+O;7m%z1+$9]ZumJxC|h$? A way to organize data on a disk pack is the cylinder method. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: Many users, therefore, make later adjustments like adding a removable hard disk cartridge to accommodate expanding storage needs. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. Making this algorithm a bit more formal gives us: This algorithm is a bit awkward. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. {HnzIxfjw^K](^$L higher voltages around 12 volts). size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. may be entered into a computer system. The second generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. Input unit These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. Magnetic disks and drums are examples of direct-access storage media. Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. Furthermore, memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. The first motherboards held very few actual components. The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. It is also easy to see that multiplying and dividing by 2 shifts everything by one column: two in binary is 10, or (1*2^1). The set of instructions is often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a system. P. Box 342-01000 Thika scan. If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. next change came after about 1600 years. The programs written in assembly language are also machine dependent. First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). humans. When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: iii. An operating system acts as foundation on which other application software can be installed. That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. B. Storage capacity was o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). The record storage rooms would have to be enormous. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design The high level languages commonly used are FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). I. Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. Ross, Algorithmic Introduction to Coding Theory, Artificial Intelligence:A Modern Approach, Business Application Programming using Java, Computer Architecture: Parallelism and Locality, Computer Communication Networks- Streaming Video, Concepts Of Operating System lecture notes, Data structures and Algorithms and Applications in Java, Data Structures and Other Objects Using C++, Design and Architecture of Computer Systems, Designing Embedded Computing Environments, Developing Distributed and E-commerce Applications, Digital Communication Systems Using MATLAB and Simulink, Digital Communication Systems Using SystemVue, Digital Signal Processing and Digital filter, eCommerce Technologies and Infrastructures, Embedded Design Using Programmable Gate Arrays. We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 2^0 column if the number is odd. In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without requiring expensive equipment. may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. They Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. software program. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with x[r+&YU@lJSvB%d#QTD[/\{g\\S I. And, the access time is independent of the storage location. IV. WebCS8491 Computer Architecture Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) CS8491 Computer Architecture .Pdf DOWNLOAD(Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a single file Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. Also these programs written for execution in one computer cannot be used on another type of computer. A monitor, printer, and speakers are examples of output devices. Hexadecimal works in the same way as binary and decimal, but it uses sixteen digits instead of two or ten. The supply reel, which has the tape with data on it or on which data will be recorded, is the reel that is changed. WebLecture notes of Prof David Brooks could also be referred. very low i. Hardware and software Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. The fact that a disk is circular presents a problem: The distances around the tracks on the outside of the disk are greater than that of the tracks or the inside. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? Subtract 8 from 11 to get 3. You cannot read just any record at random. `P|U`J]Jsf/=*mhA*x+*v PuHMf yoPpile.K9^bEjed*csaE'ZaT1w@gTo7t A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. This places the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length. We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. Starting from zero, we count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. At this point there are no more digits, so we add another column. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as troubleshooting and upgrading computers. They are D=0, so we are done, and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the binary number 10100011. college. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is expensive to manufacture. Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. Region one is USA and Canada, while Europe and Asia is region two. Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. Different industries also use this huge computer for If you cannot divide the binary number evenly into blocks of four digits, add zeros to the left side of the number to make it work. and capabilities read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". and that this is equivalent to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: Fetch cause the next instruction to be fetched from memory; A 4.7 GB side of a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality video with 6 track stereo. first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! Includes the semester schedule and a complete set of PowerPoint lecture notes and associated code, updated for CS:APP3e. Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. The technology works like this: A laser hits a layer of metallic material spread over the surface of a disk. of Maryland. Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Hard Drive: For many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery. WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative Read-only media are recorded on by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. C. Interrupts; types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt handler. Tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium. There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. character recognition (OCR) software is needed Since Assembly language is machine dependent each type of computer has its own assembler. Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and gigabytes. increased. size IC, hence the size reduced. The commands are entered on a prompt for example the Ms Dos prompt looks like this. o Number of components in computer per circuit (IC) greatly increased over Begin by thinking of a few examples. Since we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, They come highly recommended. WebECE/CS 752 Advanced Computer Architecture I: Last modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST. L}NoD39C3(xh`4E_(
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gF%1iHzrbXVAB['z<>=dT]r%AWs@^FBBkbv ^6$RRwwO^NWvwr+1*~W4}foEnD%A8True>8p!j="J^W3=E m1}f |ootL! A. Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example. seconds. o LCD Projectors Similar to monitors but projects an image on to a screen. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1, Column 2^3: 1+1=10. keyboard controller or as output controller, e.g. Chapter 3- Instruction versions, like the CD-ROM's. software Here, a given item of data can be selected from anywhere in storage without having to scan any preceding items. Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually i.e., the programs were machine dependent. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. In order to execute a high-level language program, it should be translated into a machine language either using a compiler or interpreter.